The Problem: By the mid 19th century it was obvious that Earth was much older than 6000 years,

It was not obvious.

There is no evidence for this claim. It was asserted out of the rejection of biblical moral authority as the article itself admits. “After all, if the Earth were too young for there to have been time for evolution, the evolution debate would be over.”

Initially, three lines of evidence for long ages of earth’s existence were pursued.

Each failed

1. Hutton attempted to estimate age based on the application of observed rates of sedimentation to the known thickness of the sedimentary rock column, achieving an approximation of 36 million years. This was based on three false assumptions that 1) sedimentation occurs at a constant rate over time, 2) no compression has occurred in lower levels of sedimentary rock, and 3) no erosion or disruption of sedimentary layers has occurred in the 36 million years that have passed.
2. Ocean salinity: In 1889 John Joly, acting on suggestion of Edmund Halley, attempted estimate based on the salinity of the ocean. He calculated the amount of salt [currently] being transported into the oceans by rivers and compared this to the salinity of sea water [assuming it was initially fresh water], obtaining an age of 90 million years. Joly missed that salt is removed from the oceans by various processes.
3. Thermodynamics: Sir William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, during the late 19th century, assumed that the Earth had originally been molten then, using average melting point of rocks and the laws of thermodynamics, determined that the Earth would completely solidify within 20 million years. At the time the process of radioactive decay inside the earth generating new heat had not been discovered.

Continue reading “14) Dating The Earth”

[In 2015] the world said hello to Homo naledi, a new species of ancient human discovered in South Africa’s Rising Star cave… at least 15 individual skeletons—one of the richest hauls of hominid fossils ever uncovered.

But one significant problem clouded the excitement over the discovery: The team doesn’t know how old the fossils are…Everyone from professional paleontologists to interested members of the public raised the same question: Why hadn’t the team dated the fossils yet?

The simple answer is: Because dating fossils is really difficult.

Continue reading “15) Absolute Dating”

Relative dating stems from the idea that…objects closer to the surface are more recent in time relative to items deeper in the ground.

Relative dating can be determined through comparing finds in carefully mapped strata.

One of the world’s oldest landfills was recently uncovered in Jerusalem….Through a systematic excavation of this landfill, Tel Aviv University archaeologist Yuval Gadot and his team have been able to shed light on Jerusalem during a particularly tumultuous chapter of its history—when Rome ruled, the Temple stood, and Jesus preached.

From the earliest agricultural villages through the early modern era, people have used clay vessels for almost every sort of activity…

Earthenware vessels of different periods on display at Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum in Turkey from archeological sites estimated to date back to about 5,000 BC.

Several problems arise with the use of stratification for dating. Rodents, for example, can create havoc in a site by moving items from one context to another. Natural disasters like floods can sweep away top layers of sites to other locations.

Nonetheless, relative dating is paleontology’s basis for dating fossils back to millions of years old.

Continue reading “16) Relative Dating”

Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), a German meteorologist and geophysicist observed that the continents of South America and Africa looked like they would fit together remarkably well. Similar fossils were found on continents separated by oceans, additional evidence that perhaps the landforms had once been joined. He hypothesized that all of the modern-day continents had previously been clumped together in a supercontinent he called Pangaea from ancient Greek, meaning “all lands” or “all the Earth”. Think Pan American Airlines.

This is consistent with the biblical account that “God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the [singular] dry land appear: and it was so.” (Genesis 1:13)

Another source of evidence of the breakup of a single land mass into many are the deep scratches and sediments deposits left behind when a melting glacier moves past a smooth rock. The Palaeozoic glaciation on Pangea left scratches on rocks, which today are several continents and far away from each other but match up like scattered puzzle pieces.

Wegener did not know what drove this movement so in keeping with the recently proposed long age speculation to support the new idea of evolution, assigned millions of years of “drift”. Only decades later, in the 1960s technologies adapted from warfare made it possible to more thoroughly study Earth with scientific equipment such as seismometers and magnetometers.

Geological research replaced continental [slow] drift with [sudden] plate tectonics.

Continue reading “SECTION IV: Evidence For Rapid Change”

Science employs a particular vocabulary for describing how ideas are proposed, tested, and supported or disproven.

A theory is a principle that has been substantiated by data through rigorous experimentation and control, but is not scientifically considered to have been proven to be truth.

A hypothesis is an assumption, something proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

Evolution has been aggressively advertised as scientific truth in opposition to religious dogma since its inception in the 19th century. But when we review the basis to the claims of Evolution we find it absolutely cannot claim to be even a hypothesis.

Continue reading “SECTION V: Evolution Is Unscientific Dogma”

The Bone Wars, also known as the Great Dinosaur Rush,^[1] was a period of intense and ruthlessly competitive fossil hunting…marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope (of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) and Othniel Charles Marsh (of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale). Each of the two paleontologists used underhanded methods to try to outdo the other in the field, resorting to bribery, theft, and the destruction of bones. Each scientist also sought to ruin his rival’s reputation and cut off his funding, using attacks in scientific publications…

The paleontologists had a habit of making hasty telegrams eastward describing their finds, only publishing fuller accounts after returning from trips. Among the new specimens described by the men were Uintatherium,  Loxolophodon, Eobasileus, Dinoceras, and Tinoceras. The problem was that many of these finds were not uniquely different from each other…

The Bone Wars of the mid-1800s resulted in a lot of dubious species

Continue reading “20) The Bone Wars”

From The Smithsonian Institute: While people used to think that there was a single line of human species, with one evolving after the other…we now know this is not the case.

Then why is Evolution still being presented – and accepted – as a known single line of precursor species evolving into modern humans?

Fossil evidence for the human species begins with the human species.

The early fossils are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are important to the study of the lineage. After the beginning of the Holocene, [consistent with the 6th day of creation] all fossils are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans).

Continue reading “21) Evidence For Genus Homo Begins With Species Sapiens”