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- The scientific method is the process of observing, asking questions, and seeking answers through tests and experiments
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“A disciplined science of observed astronomy was possible to achieve with the most basic measuring tools because”, quoting the Britannica article, “the sun, moon, planets and stars move in repetitive patterns.”
Did you catch that scientific statement? The objects in space move, not the earth.
Motion does not happen in isolation.
If you say a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then you imply the person on the train is stationary and moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity, and Earth is the reference frame. If we say Earth is spinning in its orbit around the Sun, the solar system is the reference frame.
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All discussion of relative motion must define the reference frames involved, and it is a fundamental truth that humanity’s perspective of the universe cannot be based at the sun. Therefore the sun, moon and stars are scientifically in motion around a stationary earth.
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Then Kepler’s “laws” of planetary motion were developed in the early 1600’s to support Copernicus’ revolutionary concept of a heliocentric system.
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Even the vacuum – defined as “empty space devoid of matter” has a vastly complex structure composed of energy changes/oscillations, having the same properties as a particle, such as spin or polarization in the case of light, energy,
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This is consistent with energy =mass when acted upon the infinite force c2. And sure enough, that is calculated into the equation.
Summing over all possible oscillators of energy at all points in space gives an infinite quantity which is actually something, with measurable effects on the world around us. And that would be:
Using these physical observations accurately defining the reference frame from earth, the oldest known scientific theoretic modelwas developed by Ptolemy of Alexandria about 150 CE and recorded by him in his Almagest and Planetary Hypotheses as a geo / earth – centric cosmology – assigning a stationary position to Earth.
In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, as a philosophical alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy’s geocentric system.
The Copernican geocentric model required a change in shape from a flattened circular object to a sphere, which 1) rotates once daily, 2) orbits the Sun annually, and 3) changes the spherical tilt of its hypothetical axis to account for the precession of the equinoxes of the celestial bodies.
Just stop and think about that. One man without any investigative tools or other means of proof, overthrew millennials-long proven-effective means of relating earth’s position to the heavenly bodies. When compared to the evidence for a geocentric model compiled over thousands of years by ancient astronomers, it becomes evident that the Copernican heliocentric model is not scientific.
Note – Kepler’s observations and calculations were necessarily based on the ancient astronomers’ geocentric records, so do not establish a heliocentric model of the universe.
In 1687 Sir Isaac Newton developed the “law” of gravitation to support Kepler’s “laws” of planetary motion. Without any tools on which to investigate or conduct experiments or provide repeated observations, this states that there is a “force of nature” by which any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other.
And yet this unscientifically conceived heliocentric model continues to be flatly stated as “today we KNOW that Earth, and the other planets of the solar system, are all in orbit around the sun.“
Uhm, no we don’t.
” there is but one God, the Father / Authority, of whom are all things,” (I Corinthians 8:6)
And a scientifically unimpeachable conclusion about the shape of the earth had been scientifically developed by the peerless scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1726/27), a key figure in the Scientific Revolution, a genius mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author.
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This method begins by a scientist forming a – a proposed possible explanation for how things work, a hypothesis, then
1) observing multiple examples
2) from which more questions arise,
3) then testing the suspected answers through various means,
4) and then modifying the hypothesis on the basis of the outcome of the tests and experiments.
5) The modified hypothesis is then retested, further modified, and tested again,
until it becomes consistent with observed phenomena and testing outcomes.
In this way, scientists are able to develop broad general explanations, or scientific theories – ideas that are suggested to explain a fact or event or, more generally, an opinion or explanation:, such as Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Actual scientific research is never conclusive but simply opens more lines of inquiry.
The earth was hypothesized – before anyone was able to give it a thorough exam – as a round ball to fit with the explanation for gravity.The astrolabe that was used from ancient times all the way up to the early modern period was a disk. Note – a disk, like a sundial – with a series of dials, pointers and engravings to accurately not only tell the time of day, but also provide coordinates based on the positions of certain guide stars, predict when the sun would rise or set, and more.Newton’s pioneering book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, established classical mechanics, which determined that the Earth is an oblate spheroid.
This was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics.

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